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1. Brief Description Bougainvillea spectabilis , commonly known as great bougainvillea, is a fast-growing, woody, thorny climber/shrub distinguished by its dense display of colorful bracts. The true flowers are small and white; the vivid visual effect comes from the papery bracts, which appear in shades of pink, magenta, red, orange, purple, and white. 2. Botanical Information Family:   Nyctaginaceae Scientific name:   Bougainvillea spectabilis  Willd. Common names:  Great b

1. Brief Description Dypsis lutescens , commonly known as areca palm , golden cane palm , or butterfly palm , is a small to medium-sized, clump-forming palm characterized by slender, cane-like yellow-green stems and gracefully arching, feathery (pinnate) fronds. Although threatened in its native habitat, it is widely cultivated as an indoor and outdoor ornamental plant around the world. 2. Botanical Information Family:   Arecaceae Genus / Species:   Dypsis lutescens  (H.Wend

1. Brief Description Alocasia ‘Polly’ , commercially known as the “African mask plant”  or “Amazonian elephant ear,”  is a compact tropical ornamental characterized by its dark green—nearly black—arrow/kite-shaped leaves with striking, contrasting light-colored veins.It is not a true species but a hybrid Alocasia cultivar . 2. Botanical Information Taxonomy:  Family Araceae ; Genus Alocasia ; probable hybrid name: Alocasia × amazonica  ‘Polly’. Origin:  Not a naturally occu

Projections concerning the 2030 horizon of landscape architecture can easily drift into overly optimistic narratives when they remain confined to the rhetoric of a “green future.” Yet academic literature and strategic documents produced by professional organizations over the past decade indicate that the discipline is advancing amid significant tensions, contradictions, and structural constraints. As we move toward 2030, the main drivers shaping design paradigms—climate crisi

1. Brief Description Cordyline australis   ‘Red Star’ , commonly referred to as red cordyline , is an evergreen shrub/small tree distinguished by its long, sword-shaped, bronze-red to burgundy foliage . Its strong architectural habit provides a bold visual focal point  in landscape compositions. Mature plants may produce fragrant, cream-white summer panicles , adding seasonal ornamental value. 2. Botanical Information Attribute Details Family Asparagaceae Genus / Species Cord

1. Brief Description Codiaeum variegatum , commonly known as garden croton  or variegated croton , is a tropical evergreen shrub widely recognized for its striking, multi-colored foliage . Leaf patterns and coloration can include combinations of green, yellow, red, orange, and purple, creating substantial visual volume and ornamental impact  in landscape compositions. 2. Botanical Information Family:  Euphorbiaceae Scientific name:   Codiaeum variegatum  (L.) Rumph. ex A. Ju

Abstract (Short Overview) The sponge city  approach aims to reduce flood risk, restore the urban water cycle, and enhance urban ecology by designing spatial systems that absorb, store, purify, and reuse stormwater within cities. This paradigm represents not only a technical intervention for landscape architecture but also an aesthetic and functional language with the potential to enhance public space, biodiversity, and community resilience. Benthemplein , Rotterdam 1. Theoret

1. Brief Description Monstera deliciosa , commonly known as the Swiss cheese plant  or split-leaf philodendron , is a large-leaved climber native to tropical forest floors. It climbs as it grows and develops distinctive perforations (fenestrations) in its leaves, creating an architectural and sculptural impact  in both interior and landscape design. 2. Botanical Information Taxonomy:  Family Araceae ; Genus Monstera ; Species deliciosa Scientific name:   Monstera deliciosa  L

“A contemporary design approach that redefines the ecological potential of hard materials.” Barbican Conservatory, London Eco-Brutalism and “Material-Integrated Aesthetics”: A Theoretical Framework for Landscape Architecture Eco-Brutalism , while preserving the raw, functional, and material-centered aesthetics of traditional Brutalism, introduces sustainability, local material use, biodiversity, and ecosystem services as core design principles. In this approach, raw materials

1. Brief Description Cycas revoluta , commonly known as sago palm  or Japanese sago palm , is a slow-growing cycad with glossy, dark green leaves and a palm-like appearance, though it is not a true palm. Its architectural form and dramatic foliage  make it a standout choice in landscape design. With its striking fronds and cylindrical trunk, it is often used as a specimen plant , particularly in tropical or subtropical themed gardens. 2. Botanical Information Taxonomy:  Fami

1. Brief Description Rosmarinus officinalis , commonly known as rosemary , is a Mediterranean-origin, evergreen shrub with woody stems. Its needle-like, aromatic leaves and typically blue-purple flowers make it valuable for both culinary uses and landscaping applications . The plant exhibits relatively high tolerance to drought and sunny, arid conditions , making it a resilient choice for Mediterranean-style gardens. 2. Botanical Information Taxonomy:  Family Lamiaceae  (min

1. Brief Description Westringia fruticosa , commonly known as coastal rosemary  or native rosemary , is an evergreen shrub native to the coastal regions of Australia. Its narrow, grey-green leaves are densely arranged, and its flowers range from white to pale violet, blooming at multiple times throughout the year. This species is widely used in landscaping due to its high tolerance to harsh conditions , including coastal winds, salty air, and loose or sandy soils. 2. Botanic

1. Brief Description Strelitzia reginae , commonly known as the bird-of-paradise  or crane flower , is a perennial, rhizomatous plant native to South Africa. It is distinguished by its colorful flowers and striking foliage, making it a standout choice in landscaping. Its orange and blue flowers  and broad, horizontally oriented leaves make it popular in tropical and axial landscape designs . 2. Botanical Information Taxonomy:  Family Strelitziaceae ; Genus Strelitzia ; Speci

1. Brief Description Strelitzia nicolai , commonly known as the giant white bird-of-paradise  or wild banana , is a perennial plant capable of growing to large dimensions, with long, broad leaves. It thrives in subtropical or coastal climates . Its distinctive leaf shape and overall form make it a popular choice in landscaping for creating dramatic visual impact . 2. Botanical Information Taxonomy:  Family Strelitziaceae ; Genus Strelitzia ; Species S. nicolai Scientific nam

1. Brief Description Lavandula angustifolia , commonly known as “true lavender” or (incorrectly) “English lavender,” is a perennial, woody-based shrub distinguished by its fragrant flowers and narrow grey-green foliage. It is widely used in landscape applications for both aesthetic and functional purposes , such as attracting bees and other beneficial insects. 2. Botanical Information Taxonomy:  Family Lamiaceae  (mint family), Genus Lavandula Scientific name:   Lavandula an

Keywords:  biophilic design, interior landscaping, landscape architecture, sustainable design, living walls, green walls, WELL certification, indoor air quality What Is Biophilic Design and Why Does It Matter? Modern urban life often separates us from nature. Surrounded by concrete, artificial light, and digital noise, people spend nearly 90% of their time indoors — a reality that affects both physical and mental well-being. Biophilic design  seeks to heal this separation b

Global climate change and dwindling water resources have made water conservation and ecological sensitivity  a priority in landscape design. In this context, xeriscape design  emerges as a leading approach. In landscape architecture, xeriscaping is defined as a sustainable method that utilizes drought-tolerant plants and climate-responsive design strategies  to create resilient and visually appealing landscapes. Core Principles of Xeriscape Design Xeriscape design is not limi

Landscape design is not merely about beautifying spaces; it aims to create functional, aesthetically pleasing, and ecologically balanced environments for users. Successful landscape design must be planned according to established criteria. Aesthetic Criteria Visual harmony is a cornerstone of effective landscape design. Key considerations include: Color and seasonality:  Plant palettes should be selected to ensure harmony throughout seasonal changes. Texture and form:  Leaf t

Plant Selection and Ecological Compatibility in Landscape Design Plant Selection and Ecological Compatibility in Landscape Design, Plant selection is one of the most critical phases of landscape architecture. When appropriate species are chosen, the result is not only an aesthetically strong landscape, but also an ecologically balanced and sustainable environment that harmonizes with nature. Why Is Ecological Compatibility in Plant Selection Important? Each plant species has

By the Bay Plan View / 13 January 2018 Gardens by the Bay: Landscape Design Where Tropical Climate Meets Aesthetic Innovation Located in Singapore’s Marina Bay district, Gardens by the Bay stands as more than a green space—it is a landmark of contemporary landscape architecture, seamlessly integrating urban aesthetics, sustainability, and biophilic design principles. Leveraging the unique advantages of a tropical climate, the park exemplifies both ecological sensitivity and